11－18世纪英国犹太人问题探析

 

学 生 姓 名：金辉

申请专业名称：专门史

研 究 方 向：英国经济社会史           

指导教师姓名：刘景华教授     

提交论文日期：2007年3月     

 

中文摘要

 

本文主要论述11至18世纪英国犹太人问题。对这一时期犹太人在英国的生活状况进行了阐述，并分析犹太人在英国社会发展进程中的作用。

全文共分为三章：

第一章主要探讨1290年之前英国犹太人的历史。自威廉征服后，居住在法国的部分犹太人也随之而来，英国犹太人历史就此开始。本章首先简要叙述犹太人到了英国后最主要的职业——放贷业，介绍犹太人从事放贷业的原因以及具体情况，分析了放贷业对犹太人产生的影响；第二部分论述了犹太人与国王的关系，即国王为犹太人提供保护，犹太人为国王提供资金；第三部分以某些具体事件为例论述了中世纪英国的反犹浪潮，以及引起这些事件的原因；第四部分评析中世纪英国对犹太人的迫害形式——血祭诽谤；最后一部分阐述了犹太人在英国生活的最后一个阶段的情况。爱德华一世即位后开始对犹太人的生活方式进行改造，但是这个试验却以失败告终，国王最后把全部犹太人都驱逐出英国的过程。

第二章主要论述英国的犹太改宗所的基本情况。中世纪的英国国王十分虔诚，总是希望把异教徒尤其是犹太教徒转化成基督徒，在教会的积极支持下，国王建立了改宗所，希望通过提供优厚的生活待遇吸引更多的犹太人改宗。本章先是介绍改宗所的建立及其前期的发展；然后重点论述从爱德华继位到改宗所最后关闭这一段时间的情况，及其对英国文化产生的影响。最后阐述1290年后进入英国的犹太人的状况，以及犹太人秘密社团的建立。

第三章论述英国对犹太人的重新接纳。重点分析了英国重新接纳犹太人的原因和过程。主要原因有以下几点：首先，宗教改革使英国人的宗教热情高涨，他们更加关注犹太人问题。其次，当时重商主义使英国人认识到犹太人在信贷和金融领域的重要价值。再次，以英国的克伦威尔和荷兰的马纳色等人为代表的领袖人物为犹太人重新回到英国做出重要的贡献。最后因为一次偶然事件，犹太人获准重新回到英国。本文最后的部分介绍犹太人正式获准重新进入英国后的一些情况，他们在英国向现代社会迈进过程中发挥的作用。

 

关键词：英国    犹太人    放贷    中世纪

 

Abstract

 

The thesis chiefly discusses the Jewish issue of England from 11-18 Century. This text elaborates the living behavior of Jews in England during this period, analyses the role the Jews played in the process of social development and the Englishmen change their attitude towards Jews.

It has three chapters:

Chapter one generally discusses the history of Jews in England before 1290s’Century.Since William the Conqueror entered England with his armies, Jews living in France also followed in William’s step and settled in England. The history of Jews of England started from then on. Firstly, this chapter introduces the major profession of the Jews in England-- dealing with usury. And then this chapter narrates the reason why the Jews have to be engaged in the usury briefly, illustrates some instances referring to the usury and analyses the influence of usury to the Jews. The second section mainly presents the relationship between the Jews and kings of England. British Kings offered protection to the Jews, while the Jews provided kings with financial support. The third section introduces the situation of the Jews under the anti-Semitic tide in medieval England and illustrates why the minor barons and the clergy killed the Jews. The fourth part mainly discusses Blood Accusation .In the medieval, the Jews of England suffered cruel persecution, one of the accusations is Blood Accusation, which was considered the greatest guilt committed by Jews, and this text will introduce what the Blood Accusation is and analyze the effect of Blood Accusation. At last, this chapter elaborates the last phase of the Jews in England. After the accession of EdwardⅠ, he made a plan that the Jews dealing with usury must undertake new professions and at the same time, a experiment was made. The experiment started to implement in the whole country. Unfortunately, the experiment was unsuccessful and all the Jews were expelled from England.

Chapter two mainly discusses the basic circumstance of Domus Conversorum of England. In the Middle Ages, kings of England were very devout and always entertained a hope that all the heretic would convert to the Christianity, especially those Judaism .king HenryⅢ established Domus Conversorum under support of church, wishing many more Jews convert to Christianity by means of offering favorable salary and comfortable living condition .At the beginning of this chapter, the paper introduces the establishment and situation of Domus Conversorum at the first stage. Then, the chapter chiefly discusses the circumstance of the Domus Conversorum from the enthronement of King EdwardⅠ to the closure of this organization as well as the influence of the converts for the development of British culture. Finally, the chapter elaborates the state of the Jews, who had been stayed in England after 1290, and the establishment of underground Jewish Community.

Chapter three discusses the Readmission of the Jews by Englishmen. This chapter chiefly analyses the reason why Englishmen promoted the readmission of the Jews and introduces the process of the Jews’ returning England. The reason is as follows：First, religious reform enhanced Englishmen’s religious enthusiasm, and they were more concerned the Jewish issue. Secondly, With the impulse of “mercantile system”，Englishmen realized the significant function of the Jews in the circle of credit and finance. Thirdly, the outstanding leaders played important roles for the Readmission, for instance, Oliver Cromwell and Menasseh Ben Israel, who made great contributions to the resettlement of the Jews. Finally, the Jews were allowed to resettle in England legally by an accidental affair. The last part introduces the basic circumstances of the Jews after they resettled in England, and what role they played in the advancement of England.

 

Key words:  England   Jew   usury   Middle Ages

 

目    录

 

中文摘要••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••1

Abstract •2

引  言••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••4

   一、选题意义••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••4

   二、学术界研究现状••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••5

第一章  11至13世纪英国的犹太人•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••7

第一节  放贷——犹太人的主要职业••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••7

第二节  犹太人与英国国王的关系•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••12

第三节  11至13世纪英国的反犹浪潮•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••18

第四节  血祭诽谤••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••23

第五节  犹太人被逐出英国••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••26

第二章  13至16世纪犹太人在英国•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••28

  第一节  犹太改宗所的设立••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••28

  第二节  爱德华一世及其以后的改宗所•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••31

第三节      1290年后进入英国的犹太人••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••36

第三章  英国对犹太人的重新接纳•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••40

  第一节  英国重新接纳犹太人的原因和过程••••••••••••••••••••••••••40

  第二节  17、18世纪犹太人重新进入英国••••••••••••••••••••••••••••46

结  语•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••49

主要参考文献••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••51